Online Calculators

Calculate force, mass, and acceleration instantly using Newton's Second Law (F = ma). Perfect for physics students, engineers, and anyone solving mechanics problems.

Calculate weight, mass, or gravitational acceleration instantly using the formula W = mg. Perfect for physics students, engineers, and anyone solving gravity-related problems on Earth or other planets.

Calculate mass, force, or acceleration instantly using Newton's Second Law (m = F/a). Perfect for physics students, engineers, and anyone solving mechanics problems involving mass.

Calculate acceleration, force, or mass instantly using Newton's Second Law (a = F/m). Perfect for physics students, engineers, and anyone solving motion problems involving acceleration.

Calculate velocity, distance, or time instantly using the formula v = d/t. Perfect for physics students, engineers, and anyone solving motion problems involving speed and velocity.

Calculate speed, distance, or time instantly using the formula s = d/t. Perfect for physics students, engineers, and anyone solving motion problems involving speed.

Calculate distance, velocity, or time instantly using the formula d = v × t. Perfect for physics students solving motion problems involving distance traveled.

Calculate time, distance, or velocity instantly using the formula t = d/v. Perfect for physics students solving motion problems involving time taken to travel a distance.

Calculate work, force, or displacement instantly using the formula W = F × d. Perfect for physics students and engineers solving problems involving mechanical work and energy transfer.

Calculate power, work, or time instantly using the formula P = W/t. Perfect for physics students and engineers solving problems involving mechanical and electrical power.

Calculate kinetic energy, mass, or velocity instantly using the formula KE = ½mv². Perfect for physics students and engineers solving problems involving moving objects and energy.

Calculate potential energy, mass, height, or gravitational acceleration instantly using the formula PE = mgh. Perfect for physics students solving problems involving gravitational potential energy.

Calculate momentum, mass, or velocity instantly using the formula p = m × v. Perfect for physics students and engineers solving problems involving moving objects and collisions.

Calculate impulse, force, or time instantly using the formula J = F × Δt. Perfect for physics students and engineers solving problems involving collisions, momentum change, and impact forces.

Calculate friction force for both static and kinetic friction. Static friction: f_s ≤ μₛN (maximum), Kinetic friction: f_k = μₖN. Perfect for physics students solving problems involving sliding motion, surface resistance, and impending motion.

Calculate normal force for different scenarios: Horizontal Surface (N = mg), Inclined Plane (N = mg cosθ), Vertical Wall (N = applied horizontal force), and Accelerating Lift (N = m(g ± a)). Perfect for physics students solving contact force problems.

Calculate coefficient of friction for static (μₛ) and kinetic (μₖ) friction using the formula μ = f/N. Perfect for physics students solving problems involving friction force, normal force, and surface interactions.

Calculate torque using the formula τ = F × r × sinθ. Perfect for physics students and engineers solving rotational motion problems involving force, lever arm distance, and angle.

Calculate gravitational acceleration using two methods: from weight and mass (g = W/m) or from universal gravitation (g = GM/r²). Perfect for physics students exploring gravity on Earth, Moon, planets, or custom celestial bodies.

Complete free fall calculations with initial velocity support. Calculate height (h = ut + ½gt²), final velocity (v = u + gt), velocity from height (v² = u² + 2gh), or time to fall (t = √(2h/g)). Perfect for physics students solving projectile and falling object problems.

Calculate terminal velocity using vₜ = √(2mg / ρAC_d). Perfect for physics students and skydivers exploring falling object dynamics, fluid resistance, and maximum descent speed.

Calculate spring force (F = kx), spring constant (k = F/x), displacement (x = F/k), or elastic potential energy (U = ½kx²) using Hooke's Law. Perfect for physics students and engineers working with springs and elastic materials.

Calculate efficiency (η = Output/Input), output power (Output = η × Input), or input power (Input = Output / η). Perfect for physics students and engineers analyzing system performance, energy conversion, and power efficiency.

Calculate initial velocity using kinematic equations. Choose from v₀ = v - at (from time) or v₀ = √(v² - 2as) (from distance). Perfect for physics students solving motion problems involving acceleration, time, and distance.

Calculate final velocity using kinematic equations: v = u + at (from time) or v² = u² + 2as (from distance). Perfect for physics students solving motion problems with constant acceleration.

Calculate displacement using kinematic equations: s = ut + ½at² (from time), s = ½(u + v)t (from velocities), or s = vt - ½at² (from final velocity). Perfect for physics students solving motion problems.

Calculate acceleration using kinematic equations: a = (v - u)/t (from time), a = (v² - u²)/2s (from distance), or a = Δv/t (from velocity change). Perfect for physics students solving motion problems.

Calculate stopping distance using friction coefficient method: d = v²/2μg. Compute thinking distance (d = v × t), braking distance (d = v²/2μg), or total stopping distance. Perfect for driving safety analysis, accident reconstruction, and physics students studying vehicle motion.

Calculate projectile range using the formula R = u²sin(2θ)/g. Compute horizontal distance, initial velocity, or launch angle for projectile motion problems. Perfect for physics students studying ballistics and projectile trajectories.

Calculate projectile maximum height using H = u²sin²θ/2g. Compute maximum height from initial velocity and launch angle, find initial velocity from height and angle, or determine launch angle from height and velocity. Perfect for physics students studying projectile trajectories.

Calculate projectile time of flight using T = 2u sinθ/g. Compute total flight time from initial velocity and launch angle, find initial velocity from time and angle, or determine launch angle from time and velocity. Perfect for physics students studying projectile trajectories.

Calculate projectile velocity components and resultant velocity. Compute horizontal velocity (vx = v cosθ), vertical velocity (vy = v sinθ - gt), resultant velocity (v = √(vx² + vy²)), or velocity at a given time. Perfect for physics students analyzing projectile motion at any point in trajectory.

Calculate horizontal projectile motion parameters. Compute range (R = v × √(2h/g)), time of flight (t = √(2h/g)), initial velocity (v = R / √(2h/g)), or height (h = ½gt²). Perfect for physics students analyzing projectiles launched horizontally from a height.

Calculate centripetal force using F = mv²/r. Compute centripetal force from mass, velocity, and radius, or find mass, velocity, or radius when other parameters are known. Perfect for physics students studying circular motion and rotational dynamics.

Calculate centripetal acceleration using a = v²/r. Compute centripetal acceleration from velocity and radius, or find velocity (v = √(a×r)) or radius (r = v²/a). Perfect for physics students studying circular motion and rotational dynamics.

Calculate circular velocity using v = 2πr/T. Compute orbital velocity from radius and period, find radius from velocity and period, or calculate orbital period from radius and velocity. Perfect for physics students studying circular motion, satellites, and planetary orbits.

Calculate angular velocity using ω = v/r. Compute angular velocity from linear velocity and radius, find linear velocity (v = ω × r), or calculate radius (r = v/ω). Perfect for physics students studying rotational motion, wheels, gears, and circular dynamics.

Calculate angular acceleration using α = Δω/Δt. Compute angular acceleration from change in angular velocity over time, find final angular velocity (ω₂ = ω₁ + αt), initial angular velocity (ω₁ = ω₂ - αt), or time (t = Δω/α). Perfect for physics students studying rotational dynamics and spinning objects.

Calculate orbital velocity using v = √(GM/r). Compute orbital velocity from central mass and orbital radius, find orbital radius (r = GM/v²), or calculate central mass (M = v²r/G). Perfect for physics and astronomy students studying satellite orbits, planetary motion, and celestial mechanics.

Calculate total mechanical energy using ME = KE + PE = ½mv² + mgh. Compute total mechanical energy, find velocity from kinetic energy, calculate height from potential energy, or determine mass from energy equations. Perfect for physics students studying energy conservation and mechanical systems.

Calculate specific mechanical energy using e = v²/2 + gh. Compute specific energy (energy per unit mass) from velocity and height, find velocity from specific energy and height, or calculate height from specific energy and velocity. Perfect for physics and engineering students studying fluid mechanics, orbital mechanics, and energy conservation.

Convert between 10+ energy units including Joules, Calories, Kilowatt-hours, Electronvolts, BTUs, and Foot-pounds. Perfect for physics students, engineers, and anyone working with energy measurements across different unit systems.

Calculate work, velocity, or mass using the Work-Energy Theorem: W = ΔKE = ½mv₂² - ½mv₁². Compute work done from change in kinetic energy, find final velocity from work and initial velocity, or determine mass from work and velocity change. Perfect for physics students studying energy transfer and dynamics.

Calculate gravitational force using Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation: F = G·m₁·m₂/r². Compute gravitational force between two masses, find mass 1 or mass 2 from force and distance, or calculate distance between masses. Perfect for physics and astronomy students studying celestial mechanics and gravitation.

Calculate gravitational acceleration using g = GM/r². Compute gravitational acceleration from mass and radius, find mass from acceleration and radius, or calculate radius from mass and acceleration. Perfect for physics and astronomy students studying planetary gravity and celestial body surface gravity.

Calculate escape velocity using vₑₛc = √(2GM/R). Compute escape velocity from mass and radius, find mass from escape velocity and radius, or calculate radius from mass and escape velocity. Perfect for physics and astronomy students studying gravitational escape, space travel, and celestial body properties.

Calculate orbital period using Kepler's Third Law: T = 2π√(r³/GM). Compute orbital period from central mass and orbital radius, find orbital radius from mass and period, or calculate central mass from radius and period. Perfect for physics and astronomy students studying satellite orbits, planetary motion, and celestial mechanics.

Calculate your weight on different planets, moons, and dwarf planets using W = m × g. Compare how much you would weigh on Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Earth's Moon, Titan, Europa, Pluto, and more. Perfect for physics students and space enthusiasts exploring how gravity affects weight across the solar system.

Calculate surface gravity using g = GM/R². Compute gravitational acceleration at a celestial body's surface from mass and radius, find mass from surface gravity and radius, or calculate radius from mass and surface gravity. Perfect for physics and astronomy students studying planetary properties and gravity.

Calculate gravitational potential energy using U = -GMm/r. Compute gravitational binding energy between two masses, find mass M from potential energy and mass m, calculate mass m from potential energy and mass M, or determine distance between masses. Perfect for physics and astronomy students studying orbital mechanics, satellite motion, and gravitational binding.

Calculate gravitational force using Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation: F = G·m₁·m₂/r². Compute gravitational force between two masses, find mass 1 or mass 2 from force and distance, or calculate distance between masses. Perfect for physics and astronomy students studying gravitational attraction, planetary motion, and celestial mechanics.

Calculate heat energy using Q = mcΔT. Compute heat energy from mass, specific heat, and temperature change; find mass from heat energy; determine temperature change; or calculate specific heat capacity. Perfect for physics and chemistry students studying thermodynamics and heat transfer.

Calculate specific heat capacity using c = Q/(mΔT). Compute specific heat from heat energy, mass, and temperature change; find heat energy (Q = mcΔT), mass (m = Q/(cΔT)), or temperature change (ΔT = Q/(mc)). Features an extensive material database with 40+ substances across categories: Liquids, Metals, Building Materials, Organics, Gases, and Food.

Calculate latent heat energy using Q = mL. Compute heat energy required for phase changes (melting, freezing, boiling, condensation, sublimation), find mass that can undergo phase change, or determine latent heat of fusion/vaporization. Perfect for physics and chemistry students studying thermodynamics and phase transitions.

Calculate linear thermal expansion using ΔL = αL₀ΔT. Compute expansion from original length, coefficient, and temperature change; find original length from expansion; calculate coefficient of thermal expansion; or determine temperature change. Perfect for physics and engineering students studying thermal effects on materials.

Calculate pressure, volume, moles, or temperature using the Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT. Compute any variable in the gas equation with full unit support for pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of substance. Perfect for chemistry and physics students studying gas behavior and thermodynamics.

Calculate pressure or volume changes using Boyle's Law: P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ (at constant temperature). Compute final pressure from initial conditions and volume change, final volume from initial conditions and pressure change, or find initial pressure/volume from final conditions. Perfect for physics and chemistry students studying gas behavior and isothermal processes.

Calculate volume or temperature changes using Charles's Law: V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂ (at constant pressure). Compute final volume from initial conditions and final temperature, final temperature from initial conditions and final volume, or find initial volume/temperature from final conditions. Perfect for physics and chemistry students studying gas behavior and isobaric processes.

Calculate pressure, force, or area using P = F/A. Compute pressure from force and area, find force from pressure and area, or calculate area from force and pressure. Perfect for physics and engineering students studying fluid mechanics, hydraulics, and mechanical systems.

Convert between Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), and Kelvin (K). Includes common temperature references (freezing point, boiling point, room temperature, body temperature, absolute zero) and contextual information about converted temperatures.

Calculate heat transfer rate using Fourier's Law: Q/t = k·A·ΔT/d. Compute heat transfer rate, thermal conductivity, area, thickness, or temperature difference for conduction heat transfer. Perfect for physics and engineering students studying thermal conduction and heat transfer applications.

Calculate Carnot efficiency using η = 1 - T₂/T₁. Compute maximum theoretical efficiency of a heat engine, find cold reservoir temperature from hot temperature and efficiency, or calculate hot reservoir temperature from cold temperature and efficiency. Perfect for physics and engineering students studying thermodynamics and heat engines.

Calculate Carnot efficiency using η = 1 - T₂/T₁. Compute maximum theoretical efficiency of a heat engine, find hot/cold reservoir temperatures, calculate work output from heat input, or determine heat input from work output. Perfect for physics and engineering students studying thermodynamics and heat engines.

Calculate frequency, period, wavelength, or wave velocity using f = 1/T, λ = v/f, and v = fλ. Compute frequency from period, period from frequency, wavelength from velocity and frequency, or wave velocity from frequency and wavelength. Perfect for physics students studying waves, sound, light, and electromagnetic radiation.

Calculate wavelength, frequency, or wave velocity using λ = v/f. Compute wavelength from velocity and frequency, frequency from velocity and wavelength, or wave velocity from frequency and wavelength. Perfect for physics students studying waves, light, sound, and electromagnetic radiation.

Calculate wave speed, frequency, or wavelength using v = fλ. Compute wave speed from frequency and wavelength, find frequency from wave speed and wavelength, or calculate wavelength from wave speed and frequency. Perfect for physics students studying mechanical waves, sound, light, and electromagnetic radiation.

Calculate period from frequency or frequency from period using T = 1/f. Compute period (time per cycle) from frequency in Hz, or calculate frequency (cycles per second) from period. Perfect for physics students studying oscillations, waves, sound, electronics, and periodic motion.

Calculate frequency shift due to relative motion between source and observer using f' = f(v ± vₒ)/(v ∓ vₛ). Compute observed frequency, source frequency, source velocity, or observer velocity for both sound waves and light/EM waves. Perfect for physics students studying wave phenomena, astronomy, radar, and medical ultrasound.

Calculate sound intensity, decibel level, sound power, or distance using β = 10 log(I/I₀) dB. Compute sound intensity from decibel level, sound level from intensity, sound power from intensity and distance, or distance from power and intensity. Perfect for physics and acoustics students studying sound waves and hearing safety.

Calculate speed of sound in air using v = 331.3 + 0.606T. Compute speed of sound from temperature, find temperature from measured speed, or calculate speed at altitude using standard atmospheric lapse rate. Perfect for physics and acoustics students studying sound wave propagation.

Calculate Mach number, velocity, or temperature using M = v / v_sound. Compute Mach number from velocity and temperature, find velocity from Mach number and temperature, or determine temperature from Mach number and velocity. Perfect for aerospace engineering, aviation, and physics students studying supersonic flight and compressible flow.

Calculate voltage, current, resistance, or power using Ohm's Law: V = IR. Compute voltage from current and resistance, find current from voltage and resistance, determine resistance from voltage and current, or calculate electrical power from voltage and current. Perfect for electronics students, electricians, and hobbyists working with electrical circuits.

Calculate electrical power using multiple formulas: P = V × I, P = I² × R, and P = V² / R. Compute power from voltage and current, current and resistance, or voltage and resistance. Also calculate voltage, current, or resistance from power and other parameters. Perfect for electrical engineering students, electricians, and circuit designers.

Calculate electrical energy, power, or time using E = P × t. Compute energy from power and time, find power from energy and time, or determine time from energy and power. Perfect for electricians, engineers, and homeowners calculating electricity consumption and appliance usage.

Calculate total resistance for resistors connected in series using Rₛ = R₁ + R₂ + ... + Rₙ. Add multiple resistors with individual values and units, get step-by-step calculation with unit conversions. Perfect for electronics students, circuit designers, and hobbyists working with series resistor networks.

Calculate total resistance for resistors connected in parallel using 1/Rₚ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ... + 1/Rₙ. Add multiple resistors with individual values and units, get step-by-step calculation with reciprocal sums and unit conversions. Perfect for electronics students, circuit designers, and hobbyists working with parallel resistor networks.

Calculate resistivity, resistance, length, or cross-sectional area using R = ρL/A. Compute resistivity (ρ = R·A/L), resistance (R = ρ·L/A), length (L = R·A/ρ), or area (A = ρ·L/R). Features material database with 14 substances (Silver, Copper, Gold, Aluminum, Tungsten, Iron, Platinum, Tin, Lead, Nichrome, Carbon, Silicon, Glass, Rubber) with resistivity values at 20°C. Supports units: resistance (Ω, kΩ, MΩ), length (m, cm, mm, km, ft, in), area (m², cm², mm², ft², in², circular mil), and resistivity (Ω·m, Ω·cm, Ω·mm²/m, µΩ·cm). Includes material identification and conductivity calculation. Ideal for electrical engineering, wire sizing, and material science applications.

Calculate electrical conductivity or resistivity using σ = 1/ρ. Compute conductivity from resistivity (σ = 1/ρ) or resistivity from conductivity (ρ = 1/σ). Features material database with 15 substances (Silver, Copper, Gold, Aluminum, Tungsten, Iron, Platinum, Lead, Nichrome, Carbon, Silicon, Glass, Rubber, Distilled Water, Seawater) with conductivity values at 20°C. Supports conductivity units (S/m, kS/m, MS/m, µS/cm, mS/cm) and resistivity units (Ω·m, Ω·cm, Ω·mm²/m, µΩ·cm). Includes material matching and conductivity category classification. Ideal for electrical engineering, material science, and physics applications.

Calculate capacitance, charge, or voltage using C = Q/V. Compute capacitance from charge and voltage, charge from capacitance and voltage, or voltage from charge and capacitance. Perfect for electronics students, engineers, and hobbyists working with capacitors in circuits.

Calculate parallel plate capacitance using C = ε₀εᵣA/d. Compute capacitance from plate area and distance, find plate area from capacitance and distance, or calculate plate distance from capacitance and area. Perfect for electronics and physics students studying capacitor design and dielectric materials.

Calculate RC time constant using τ = R × C. Compute time constant from resistance and capacitance, find resistance from time constant and capacitance, or calculate capacitance from time constant and resistance. Perfect for electronics students and engineers working with RC circuits, filters, timers, and pulse shaping circuits.

Calculate battery life, capacity, or current draw using t = C / I. Compute battery runtime from capacity and current draw, find required capacity for desired runtime, or determine maximum current draw for given capacity and runtime. Perfect for electronics hobbyists, engineers, and anyone designing battery-powered devices.

Calculate energy consumption in kilowatt-hours (kWh) using kWh = (W × h)/1000. Compute energy usage from power and time, find power consumption from energy and time, or calculate operating time from energy and power. Perfect for homeowners, electricians, and energy auditors tracking electricity usage and costs.

Calculate magnetic force on a moving charge using F = qvB sinθ. Compute magnetic force from charge, velocity, magnetic field, and angle; find charge, velocity, or magnetic field strength from force. Perfect for physics students studying electromagnetism and Lorentz force.

Calculate magnetic field around a straight current-carrying wire using B = μ₀I/2πr. Compute magnetic field strength from current and distance, find current from magnetic field and distance, or calculate distance from magnetic field and current. Perfect for physics students studying electromagnetism and Biot-Savart law.

Calculate transformer voltage, turns ratio, or current using Vₚ/Vₛ = Nₚ/Nₛ and Iₚ/Iₛ = Nₛ/Nₚ. Compute secondary voltage from primary voltage and turns ratio, find secondary turns from voltage ratio and primary turns, or calculate secondary current from primary current and turns ratio. Includes efficiency (losses) option for real transformers (95-99%). Perfect for electrical engineering and physics students studying electromagnetic induction.

Calculate induced EMF using Faraday's Law of electromagnetic induction: ε = -N ΔΦ/Δt. Compute induced EMF from number of turns, flux change, and time interval; find number of turns from EMF and flux change; calculate change in magnetic flux; or determine time interval for flux change. Features flux units (Wb, mWb, µWb), time units (s, ms, µs, ns), EMF units (V, mV, kV), and optional Lenz's Law negative sign. Perfect for physics students studying electromagnetic induction, generators, transformers, and inductors.

Calculate focal length, object distance, or image distance using the thin lens formula: 1/f = 1/v - 1/u. Features distance units (m, cm, mm), converging/diverging lens selection, sign conventions, and magnification (m = -v/u). Perfect for physics students studying optics.

Calculate magnification using m = hᵢ/hₒ = -v/u. Compute magnification, image height, object height, image distance, or object distance. Features height units (m, cm, mm, µm), distance units (m, cm, mm), and sign interpretation (upright/virtual vs inverted/real). Perfect for physics students studying optics.

Calculate refraction using Snell's Law: n₁ sinθ₁ = n₂ sinθ₂. Compute refraction angle, incident angle, or refractive index. Features angle units (degrees/radians), refractive indices for common materials, critical angle calculation, and total internal reflection detection. Perfect for physics students studying optics.

Calculate refractive index using n = c/v. Compute refractive index from velocity of light in medium, find velocity from refractive index (v = c/n), or calculate speed of light (c = n × v). Features velocity units (m/s, km/s, c), speed of light units (m/s, km/s), and refractive indices for common materials. Perfect for physics and optics students.

Calculate focal length, object distance, or image distance for spherical mirrors using 1/f = 1/v + 1/u. Features distance units (m, cm, mm), concave/convex mirror selection, sign conventions, and magnification (m = -v/u). Perfect for physics students studying geometric optics.

Calculate density, mass, or volume using ρ = m/V. Features mass units (kg, g, mg, lb, oz), volume units (m³, cm³, L, mL, ft³, gal), and density units (kg/m³, g/cm³, kg/L, lb/ft³). Perfect for physics and chemistry students.

Calculate hydrostatic pressure, depth, or fluid density using P = ρgh. Features multiple units (kg/m³, g/cm³, Pa, kPa, bar, psi, atm), gravity constant, gauge/absolute pressure toggle, and 13+ common fluid densities (water, mercury, air, etc.). Perfect for fluid mechanics and physics students.

Calculate buoyant force, displaced volume, or fluid density using Archimedes' principle: F_b = ρVg. Features density units (kg/m³, g/cm³, kg/L), volume units (m³, cm³, L, mL), force units (N, kN, lbf), and object weight toggle for float/sink analysis. Perfect for physics and engineering students.

Calculate flow rate, cross-sectional area, or velocity using the continuity equation: Q = A × v. Features area units (m², cm², mm², ft², in²), velocity units (m/s, cm/s, ft/s, km/h, mph), and flow rate units (m³/s, L/s, L/min, gal/s, gal/min). Perfect for fluid mechanics and engineering students.

Calculate Reynolds number, velocity, diameter, or viscosity using Re = ρvD/μ. Features density units (kg/m³, g/cm³, kg/L), velocity units (m/s, cm/s, ft/s, km/h, mph), diameter units (m, cm, mm, in), and viscosity units (Pa·s, cP). Determines laminar (Re<2000), transitional, or turbulent (Re>4000) flow regimes. Perfect for fluid mechanics students.

Calculate energy, mass, or speed of light using Einstein's E = mc². Features mass units (kg, g, mg, µg, lb, amu), energy units (J, kJ, MJ, GJ, eV, keV, MeV, GeV, TeV, kWh), and speed units (m/s, km/s, c). Perfect for physics students studying relativity and nuclear physics.

Calculate photon energy, frequency, or wavelength using E = hf = hc/λ. Features energy units (J, eV, keV, MeV, GeV), frequency units (Hz, kHz, MHz, GHz, THz), and wavelength units (m, cm, mm, µm, nm, Å, pm). Perfect for quantum physics and optics students.

Calculate photoelectric effect parameters using KE = hf - φ. Compute maximum kinetic energy, incident frequency, work function, or wavelength. Features energy units (J, eV), frequency units (Hz, kHz, MHz, GHz, THz), wavelength units (m, cm, mm, µm, nm, Å), and work functions for 17+ materials (Cesium 2.14 eV to Tungsten 4.55 eV). Perfect for quantum physics students.

Calculate de Broglie wavelength, momentum, velocity, or mass using λ = h/p. Features momentum units (kg·m/s, g·cm/s, eV/c), velocity units (m/s, km/s, cm/s, mph), mass units (kg, g, amu, eV/c²), and wavelength units (m, nm, pm, Å, fm). Includes common particles (electron, proton, neutron, etc.) and relativistic mode toggle. Perfect for quantum physics students.

Calculate nuclear binding energy using E = mc². Compute mass defect (Δm = (Z·m_p + N·m_n) - m_nucleus), binding energy in MeV or Joules, binding energy per nucleon, mass excess, or number of nucleons. Features 40+ common nuclides (H-1, He-4, C-12, Fe-56, U-235, etc.), custom nuclide input, and step-by-step solutions. Perfect for nuclear physics and chemistry students.